فصلنامه انتظام اجتماعی
سال دهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1397)

Security in the Islamic discourse is understood, analyzed and managed in a sacred (and not materialistic) framework, and is opposed to the rule of lawlessness of the intellect. This discourse considers this world and the other world's threats together. The system consists of a set of different factors that dynamically affect each other and are organized to accomplish work or achieve a specific purpose. The elements of social security in the intellectual system of the Supreme Leader can be briefly summarized in terms of the foundational elements, the constituent elements, the relevant elements, the rules and rules governing the system, the goals, the results, and so on. In this study, the constructive (foundational) elements of social security are addressed in the great intellectual system. Based on the explained problem and the objectives and questions raised, this study is of a developmental-applied research type. This study has been conducted using the theme analysis of the Supreme Leader's speeches through the qualitative content analysis method.   The findings of this research indicate that the centrality of this system is monotheism. In this research the foundations, constructive factors, factors affecting the creation, relevant elements, laws and rules, goals and results of social security in the intellectual system of the Supreme Leader were identified. The results of the research indicate that the constructive social elements of the intellectual system of the Supreme Leader are identity, sense of security, trust, health of the environment (life, business, mental environment, etc.)

Trafficking in goods is a destructive phenomenon that inflicts considerable damage on the economies of the country; this informal activity disturbs the economies, programs and policies of the countries' development, and affects the micro and macro problems of society. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of each component of the police organizational factors on preventing smuggling of goods. In terms of its objectives the present study is of an applied research type and in terms of methodology it is a descriptive-analytical study. The statistical population consisted of all employees employed in the city of Sarv Abad and the Counter-Smuggling Currency Police in Kurdistan province, all of whom were selected. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose reliability was calculated as 0.86 using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was run using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics were used for calculating the percentages, mean and response ratios. In the inferential statistics section, the Kolmogorov Smirnov test was employed to examine the normal distribution of the data. The chi-square and t-student were employed to examine the effect of the components. The Friedman test was used to test the rank of the components. The findings of the study showed that the laws and regulations (plans, instructions, and regulations), equipment and human resources of the police are effective in preventing smuggling of goods. According to Friedman test results, human resources with a coefficient of 3.23 was in the first rank, equipment with a coefficient of 2.6 in the second rank and rules and regulations with a coefficient of 1.98 in the third rank. With the use of modern electronic, optics, automobiles, software and hardware equipment in official and informal platforms and high traffic roads of trafficked goods, and using trained and expert human capitals, in addition to investigating the crime of smuggling as well as drafting and preparing plans, effective guidelines and regulations and monitoring of their implementation, police can lead the smuggling goods to increased charges.

Restorative justice is a response and a reaction to an offense that focuses on the restoration and compensation of the victim and takes the responsibility for the damage caused by the victim. In order to realize this approach, it is necessary to pay attention to the variables that affect the improvement of police restorative measures. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the impact of police restorative measures on social prevention of crime with a mediating role of trust building. The present study is of a quantitative type and in terms of its objectives it is considered as an applied research type, and in terms of its nature, it is a correlational study. The statistical population of the present study is the directors of the police command center of Qom province. The sample size and sampling method were determined based on stratified random sampling method and 110 individuals were selected using Cochran formula. To measure the indicators, a 61-item researcher-made questionnaire was employed based on theoretical foundations. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach's alpha (91%) and the validity of the components of this questionnaire was first examined by face validity and then by confirmatory factor analysis. To test the hypotheses, the mean tests and structural equation modeling were used in SPSS and Lisrel software packages.  The findings of the research indicate that police restorative measures have 63% direct effect on the social prevention of crime and 42% indirect effect through trust building. Meanwhile, trust building has 71% direct impact on the effect of police measures on social prevention of crime. Also, the restorative measures of the police can predict 75% of the changes in trust building. The results of the study showed that the direct and indirect effects of police restorative measures on social prevention of crime indicate that, in order to promote criminal measures against social crime prevention, not only the components and indicators of police restorative measures should be strengthened, but also some variables reinforcement such as trust, which are included in the study as a mediator variable, should be considered, reviewed and strengthened.

Crime is an inappropriate social phenomenon that has negative economic and social consequences. Its occurrence in the society causes the loss of public and private resources in the struggle and control of crime and reduces the incentives for production and investment by threatening social and economic security. Robbery is one of the most important economic crimes. The crime of robbery is a crime against all laws and religions. In this research, the effect of economic indicators on the occurrence of theft in public places and vehicle which is one of the most important types of theft and it has been examined in selected provinces: Tehran, East Azerbaijan, Khuzestan, Khorasan Razavi, and Kerman during a 7-year period from 2005 to 2015. The present study is of an applied research type. The data were collected through library method using statistical resources and written and translated articles and researches carried out at the Armed Forces Elite Foundation. In this research, using conventional methods in economic crime analysis, in particular the model of motivation-based crime, has investigated factors affecting crime (public places and stolen vehicles) in Iran. For this purpose, an econometric model based on integrated data has been designed and evaluated during the establishment and analysis of the mass market model. The research findings show that the coefficient of economic growth index has a negative and significant coefficient in all three equations of total theft, public place theft and vehicle theft. The amount of the economic growth rate variable in the public places theft model is larger than the other equations, which means that an increase in the economic growth rate will reduce the occurrence of theft, in particular, the public places. Therefore, it can be said that the effect of macroeconomic variables on the occurrence of theft in public places and vehicles in selected provinces is significant, and also, in order to reduce the crime of robbery the policy makers of the country should pay more attention to the factors of crime increase before focusing on the law enforcement and judicial issues. Efforts to create economic growth and the development to reduce unemployment and increase household incomes can be among these solutions.

Measures taken to reduce the smuggling of goods due to the identification of the type, extent and depth of smuggling of goods by coarse grains, or gangs and trafficking networks, are not based on scientific principles and these bands are developing and growing in the form of mushrooms in the country. Due to the importance of the role of the police in preventing the formation of smuggling gangs, this research has been conducted to explain the role of police interactions in preventing the formation of smuggling gangs. This study is of a descriptive-analytical research and the statistical population of this research includes experts and managers of the police force, the Anti-Smuggling and Currency Control Committee, the Customs and the Suspending Organization. A researcher-made questionnaire was employed to collect data. The sample size is based on the Cochran formula (400 individuals). Cronbach's alpha was used to measure reliability of the research. The questionnaire was confirmed as reliable (alpha = .89). The component of police interaction with the executive branch (with a mean rank of 4.54), the interaction with the armed forces (with a mean rank of 4.01, the interaction with the judiciary (with a mean rank of 3.93, the interaction with the media (with a mean rank of 2.79), the interaction with the legislature (with a mean rank of 2.68), is of paramount importance to the police, respectively, in order to achieve a favorable situation in preventing the formation of smuggling gangs. In order to achieve the desired situation in preventing the formation of gangs of smuggling goods, and also to play a role in increasing the strength of the resistance economy and strengthening the national economy, the police should operationalize the components of interaction with the executive branch and the component of interaction with the armed forces in the medium to long term and long-term strengthening and enforcement.

Purse snatching offense is one of the most common offenses in the country's urban areas. The present study was conducted with the aim of spatial geographic analysis of purse snatching in Sari. Purse snatching is one of the offenses against properties and individuals whose control and coping and prevention have a significant effect on increasing the sense of security of the citizens. In terms of its objectives this study is of an applied research study and in terms of methodology it is considered as a descriptive-analytical type. The statistical population includes the total purse snatching offense committed in Sari in 2017. The criminal data as well as recorded documents were obtained from GIS system of Mazandaran Provincial Police as one of the leading provinces in this field and were analyzed using ArcGIS software. Accordingly, the dispersion of purse snatching offenses, the identification of the center of hotspot, and the drawing of the oval standard deviation of purse snatching offense were put on the agenda. The vast majority of purse snatchers are young and middle-aged men who are unemployed, lacking university education, and have a criminal record. The distribution of purse snatching from the periphery to the city center becomes denser and the center of hotspot is consistent with the central regions of the city. The timing schedule of the occurrence of the purse snatching is inclined to the second half of the day, the middle days of the week, and the summer season. The results of the research indicate that today, law enforcement management of crime, including purse snatching, requires the use of a crime spatial information system. Sari's spatial analysis reveals the necessity of clearing the central areas of the city from the purse snatching. Success in this area requires the upgrading and modernization of urban fabric, especially the worn out texture, based on the role of urban design in crime prevention, and strengthening policies and programs for the social, situational and criminal preventions.

Tourism is one of the most important issues that has a direct and mutual relationship with security and security issues. The issue of security in tourism topics is very diverse and sometimes complex. Despite the fact that the presence of tourists in tourist destinations can increase the positive security point in that area, there may be actions against national, political, economic, and cultural security of the country that intend to harm the security of tourism destinations. The present research seeks to explain the security issues in Yazd due to the presence of foreign tourists in various economic, cultural, social aspects as a tourist destination. Using the opinion of experts and elites through the distribution of questionnaires and interviews, in the tourism and security discussion, the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of Yazd province in the field of tourism security have been introduced. The statistical population of this research includes the security authorities of Yazd who are connected with foreign tourists. For some reason, disclosure of the exact number of security officers is not possible; therefore, the number of statistical population was considered to be 30, all of whom completed the questionnaire. By analyzing the data obtained from the questionnaires, the strategic position of Yazd in the SWOT analytical matrix has been identified and based on them the proposed strategies for optimizing the performance of security institutions in the field of tourism have been presented. According to the findings of the research, it seems that Yazd province has some weaknesses in terms of internal factors in the field of foreign tourism security and the situation in Yazd is in a competitive state. It can be concluded that the city of Yazd has some weaknesses in the field of social security of foreign tourism from internal factors. According to the results obtained from the Internal Factors Evaluation Matrix and External Factors Evaluation Matrix, Yazd city has some weaknesses weak in relation to social security in tourism. The final score of external factors is equal to 2.80 and more than 2.5, indicating Yazd's suitable response to opportunities and threats. Internal External (IE) Matrix also shows that Yazd is in a competitive position.

The subject of this research is to describe, analyze, criticize and evaluate the legal provisions regarding the criminal law of children and adolescents in the formal matters and to determine the merits, disadvantages and deficiencies existing in the country's legislative policy of criminal law. The purpose of this research is to provide appropriate proposals to address the disadvantages and deficiencies in the country's legislative criminal law in the area of juvenile delinquency in order to adopt a scientific and practical legislative policy. In terms of its objectives the present study is of an applied research type and problem-oriented study that examines the differential criminal policy for juvenile treatment and juvenile delinquency in order to improve the status quo. The data and information required for research were collected through documentary and library method. To obtain the answers for the research questions analytical and descriptive methods were employed. Predicting the formation of special police for children and adolescents, the Special Tribunal for Adolescents, the Children and Adolescent Court, the Special Court One for Adolescents, the specialized courts for appeals, as well as the special rules of procedure in the Children and Juvenile Court, including the emergence of differential proceedings in The Code of Criminal Procedure adopted in 2013, so it can be said that now, for the first time in the country, we are witnessing the general formation of specialized agencies of the criminal justice system for children and adolescents. On the other hand, the rules of the differential procedure for juvenile delinquency are also established. In the Code of Criminal Procedure adopted in 2013, we are witnessing to take a great step in the criminal legislative policy of the country in order to comply with the principles of the differential criminal policy for children and adolescents, in comparison with other laws passed after the victory of the Islamic Revolution. However, there are disadvantages and deficiencies in each of the two areas of the specialized agencies and the special procedure for juvenile delinquency, which is necessary to be addressed in future amendments to the law.

One of the most important issues in the worn out areas is the development of social abnormalities and criminal hotspots in these areas. Monitoring the relationship between urban space and crime and violence is one of the most important issues of urban planning. Analyzing urban criminal hotspots or urban defensiveness and monitoring the factors affecting their criminality is of particular importance in urban planning. The purpose of this study is to investigate the locational-spatial analysis of crime and the relationship between location and crime with "crime prevention through environmental design" approach. In terms of its objectives the present study is of an applied research type and in terms of its nature it is considered as an exploratory-analytic study. The data and spatial information are monitored through documentation using the spatial analysis technique in the geographic information system of the hot spots, and the spatial distribution of criminal zones. Spot complications such as crime situations, including distribution and purchase of drugs, as well as linear effects such as the network of streets are specified with the help of district 12 maps in the scale of 1:2000 from ArcGIS software and using side programs of spatial distribution of criminal hotspots. Due to the worn out the texture and the disproportionate density of facility applications and the low passageway network, more defenseless spaces are formed in the market places, Harandi, Takhty, Imamzadeh Yahya and Khayyam. The results of the research indicate that in district 12, the main priority is for crime prevention and security promotion, urban regeneration in these neighborhoods through strategies for improving the internal structure of the region, reducing defenseless areas, developing infrastructure, developing urban amenities such as cultural-sports facilities and open and service-providing spaces and collaborative renewal, and also the categorization of urban criminal hotspots and the selection of appropriate solutions for the organization of the neighborhood according to specific criteria can also be effective in controlling people in reducing crime.

In this research, some policing and media backgrounds affecting the formation and spread of violence and vandalism among Iranian soccer spectators in 2016 have been investigated. In terms of its objectives the present study is of an applied research type and in terms of methodology it is considered as descriptive-analytic and survey study. The statistical population of this research is all spectators, fans, club leaders, sports journalists, referees, technical staff of the teams, and police forces. The sample size was determined according to Morgan table, 384 individuals, using proportional stratified random sampling method. The method of data collection is field study and the research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was obtained logically and its reliability was obtained through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The findings of the research show that in the descriptive study of the factors related to the effect of controlling and monitoring methods, it has been determined that the "long-term stalemate of spectators outside the stadium and the gates of physical inspection by the officers is effective in the tendency of spectators to vandalism" is in the first rank with the average of 4; and in the descriptive survey of the terms related to the media impact indicator, it has been determined that the "emphasis on the fact that the rights of some teams are violated, they faced injustice, affects the tendency of soccer spectators towards violence and vandalism at the stadiums" is in the first rank with an average of 3.77. In the descriptive study of the variables, it was found that the role of the controlling and monitoring role of the special police unit is in the first rank with the average of 3.78 and the media is in the second rank with the average of 3.60.